The Outer Planets

Answers

JUPITER

1. hydrogen, helium

2. cloud tops

3. zones, belts

4. descending, ascending

5. temperature

6. WARMER

7. rotational, MORE WIND ZONES, faster

8. shear

9. Great Red Spot

10. ascending, *LEFT, RIGHT, counterclockwise

11. LOW (at high altitudes the GRS is a high pressure system)

12. Coriolis

13. run a line through "externally by the absorption of radiation from the sun 500 million miles away"

14. MORE

15. 70

16. a. Jupiter radiates more energy than it receives.
b. Jupiter's chemical composition is virtually identical to that of stars like our sun.
c. Jupiter's satellite system mimics the planetary system. There are distinct differences between the inner and outer Galilean moons.

17. surface

18. hydrogen, liquid, metallic (solid)

19. rotates, metallic or metallic hydrogen

20. (erupting) volcanoes

21. INVISIBLE

22. DUST, ICE

23. satellite

THE GALILEAN SATELLITES OF JUPITER

24. a. The density of the inner Galilean moons is higher than the outer Galilean satellites.
      b. The outer Galilean satellites are larger than the inner major satellites of Jupiter.

25. hot

26. Satellite Geological Activity
      a. Io : erupting volcanoes spraying sulfur and sulfur dioxide, no impact craters
      b. Europa : thin cracked crust which undergoes changes, liquid mantle, few impact       craters
      c. Ganymede : grooved surface indicative of continental drift type activity in the distant       past
      d. Callisto : crater saturated surface, perhaps it is not even completely differentiated

27. IS (the farther from the planet the less geological activity)

28. impact craters, NEW, old, it is completely crater saturated

29. melt (undergo volcanic eruptions of water)

30. continental drift (plate tectonics or divergent plate boundaries)

31. LOWER

SATURN

32. a. similar compositions                         e. extensive atmospheres
      b. internally driven meteorology            f. liquid interiors
      c. rapid rotations                                  g. strong magnetic fields
      d. no solid surfaces                              h. numerous satellites

33. float, water

34. average density is so low

35. COOLER

36. helium, INTERNALLY

37. haze

38. DEEPER, MORE

39. metallic hydrogen, rapid rotation

40. a. There is no volcanic action which is feeding matter into the Saturnian       magnetosphere.
      b. The extensive ring system of Saturn absorbs the plasma.

RINGS OF SATURN

41. 27 degrees, direction, equatorial

42. fully opened, disappear

43. are very thin

44. Roche, be broken apart by tidal (gravitational) effects

45. a. A satellite got within the Roche limit and was broken apart (tidally disrupted).
      b. Material within the Roche limit was not able to accrete to form a satellite.

46. a. Ring particles closer to the planet have a shorter orbital period than ring particles       which are farther away.
      b. Stars can be observed in back of Saturn's ring system.

47. Pioneer, Voyager

48. A, B, C, A, B, Cassini

49.
SATURN D C B A F G
E x t e n d e d

50. resonating (resonate)

51. move the ring particles away from the resonance area creating a gap

52. reflected, scattered

53. size, density
      a. A-ring: medium size particles, medium density
      b. Cassini division: very fine and tenuous-- considered a gap very low density
      c. B-ring: largest particles and densest part of ring system
      d. C through G rings: very small particles, little material

54. shepherding

55. LOSE, CLOSER

56. spokes, magnetic field

MOONS OF SATURN

57. 18, orbit

58. ice, rock

59. Titan's, atmosphere, nitrogen

60. ammonia, ultraviolet, nitrogen

61. methane, hydrocarbons

62. solid, liquid, gas, water

*63. Mimas

*64. Mimas

*65. Enceladus, E

*66. Iapetus

URANUS

67. Herschel

68. orbital, direction, 21

69. HIGHER, LESS, HEAVIER

70. Voyager 2, VIRTUALLY NO, VERY DEEP

71. magnetic field, direction

72. struck by a very massive object

73. ice, rock, IS

74. Miranda, broken apart and reassembled several times during its early history

75. EARTH-BASED OBSERVATIONS

76. rocky (yard-sized), LOW

NEPTUNE

77. DEEP

78. shadows

79. hydrogen, helium

80. Great Dark Spot, methane

81. magnetic field, center

82. dust

83. eight

84. Pluto

85. planet

86. geysering

PLUTO

87. Tombaugh

88. a. Pluto is much smaller than any of the other planets.
      b. Pluto has the highest orbital eccentricity of any planet.
      c. Pluto has the highest orbital inclination of any planet.
      d. Pluto's composition is neither terrestrial or Jovian.

89. SATELLITES, asteroid (may be a comet)

90. Neptune, Charon

91. smallest

92. synchronous

93. methane

Note: An asterisk indicates a more difficult concept.